{"id":3973,"date":"2021-07-21T14:25:01","date_gmt":"2021-07-21T12:25:01","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blogs.sun.ac.za\/cib\/?page_id=3973"},"modified":"2022-05-28T11:44:48","modified_gmt":"2022-05-28T09:44:48","slug":"research-and-development","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/blogs.sun.ac.za\/cib\/research-and-development\/","title":{"rendered":"Research and Development"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"3973\" class=\"elementor elementor-3973\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-acbd693 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"acbd693\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c09f3f4\" data-id=\"c09f3f4\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e643a4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"4e643a4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Rationale<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-7743cff elementor-reverse-mobile elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7743cff\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-a639893\" data-id=\"a639893\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2d28ce2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"2d28ce2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.sun.ac.za\/cib\/files\/2020\/03\/research_framework_lrg.gif\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"research_framework_lrg\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6IjYxNyIsInVybCI6Imh0dHBzOlwvXC9ibG9ncy5zdW4uYWMuemFcL2NpYlwvZmlsZXNcLzIwMjBcLzAzXC9yZXNlYXJjaF9mcmFtZXdvcmtfbHJnLmdpZiJ9\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"720\" height=\"800\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.sun.ac.za\/cib\/files\/2020\/03\/research_framework_lrg.gif\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-617\" alt=\"\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Fig 1. Graphical synopsis of the C\u00b7I\u00b7B approach, relating research foci to the stages of the invasion process<sup>1<\/sup><\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-98bb249\" data-id=\"98bb249\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-223f5cb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"223f5cb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The C\u00b7I\u00b7B\u2019s research targets all aspects of the phenomenon of biological invasions, all taxonomic groups and all ecosystems. Better understanding of invasion patterns and processes is required, and options for management and remediation need to be explored (Fig. 1). Each stage of the invasion process (pre-introduction; initial incursion; expansion; and dominance) demands its own tools, insights and types of study. The C\u00b7I\u00b7B undertakes work in several overarching themes: Biological or biodiversity foundations; model systems; human dimensions; basic inventories; modelling capacities; policy formulation and risk assessment. This suite of themes provides the scope for cutting-edge work in invasion science, while providing opportunities to draw in students from diverse biological fields (from fundamental to applied) and many other disciplines.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-814d748 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"814d748\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a0c70a0\" data-id=\"a0c70a0\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-01f7564 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"01f7564\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Long-term research<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-95bec1b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"95bec1b\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-f8bfb56\" data-id=\"f8bfb56\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6907bd0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"6907bd0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"940\" height=\"705\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.sun.ac.za\/cib\/files\/2020\/03\/New-Image204-940x705.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-706\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.sun.ac.za\/cib\/files\/2020\/03\/New-Image204-940x705.jpg 940w, https:\/\/blogs.sun.ac.za\/cib\/files\/2020\/03\/New-Image204-580x435.jpg 580w, https:\/\/blogs.sun.ac.za\/cib\/files\/2020\/03\/New-Image204-768x576.jpg 768w, https:\/\/blogs.sun.ac.za\/cib\/files\/2020\/03\/New-Image204-400x300.jpg 400w, https:\/\/blogs.sun.ac.za\/cib\/files\/2020\/03\/New-Image204.jpg 1280w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 940px) 100vw, 940px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-158082f elementor-hidden-phone\" data-id=\"158082f\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d888e8c elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"d888e8c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"940\" height=\"705\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.sun.ac.za\/cib\/files\/2020\/03\/cederberg-940x705.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-705\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.sun.ac.za\/cib\/files\/2020\/03\/cederberg-940x705.jpg 940w, https:\/\/blogs.sun.ac.za\/cib\/files\/2020\/03\/cederberg-580x435.jpg 580w, https:\/\/blogs.sun.ac.za\/cib\/files\/2020\/03\/cederberg-768x576.jpg 768w, https:\/\/blogs.sun.ac.za\/cib\/files\/2020\/03\/cederberg-400x300.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 940px) 100vw, 940px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-59ae86d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"59ae86d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Among the most pressing problems facing biology currently are the identification of biodiversity responses to environmental change, how such change may be mitigated by management interventions, and what adaptations humans might need to implement to maintain biodiversity. To understand humanity\u2019s options for managing these challenges, we need long-term observational data on ecological systems.<\/p><p>The C\u00b7I\u00b7B runs three long-term altitudinal transects, coupled with ongoing student projects and experimental work.<\/p><p>We study ant assemblages across an elevational gradient in the Cederberg (invertebrate data collection 2003 \u2013 2013; climate monitoring is ongoing) and across disturbed and undisturbed sites at schools and nearby protected areas as part of the <a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.sun.ac.za\/iimbovane\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Iimbovane project<\/a>.<\/p><p>The Cederberg transect is mirrored by two others \u2013 one along Sani Pass and one in the Soutpansberg mountains. These transects are managed with support from the C\u00b7I\u00b7B\u2019s Northern Hub and core team members at the Universities of <a href=\"http:\/\/www.up.ac.za\/en\/zoology-entomology\/article\/2259466\/prof-mark-robertson\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Pretoria<\/a> and <a href=\"http:\/\/www.univen.ac.za\/old_server\/research_profile_stefan_foord.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Venda<\/a>, respectively.<\/p><p>In 2013 the C\u00b7I\u00b7B began working with the <a href=\"http:\/\/www.capetowninvasives.org.za\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">City of Cape Town<\/a> to develop protocols for the long-term monitoring of the status of invasive species in the city, and to assess the effectiveness of management interventions. This work is ongoing and expanding.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-57e2eeb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"57e2eeb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Examples of long-term research projects<\/strong><\/p><ul style=\"list-style-type: disc\"><li><a title=\"Beta diversity of montane ants\" href=\"https:\/\/blogs.sun.ac.za\/cib\/beta-diversity-of-montane-ants\/\">Beta diversity of montane ants<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/j.1365-2699.2005.01336.x\/full\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Ants, altitude and change in the northern Cape Floristic Region<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b5bc563 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b5bc563\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e81fdc8\" data-id=\"e81fdc8\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-71d97e9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-menu-anchor\" data-id=\"71d97e9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"menu-anchor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-menu-anchor\" id=\"short-term\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d3aa3d1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"d3aa3d1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Short-term research<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0742e24 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0742e24\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Our short-term research is classified according to 5 main categories.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-5b328d5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"5b328d5\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-20 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-ac7d1d5\" data-id=\"ac7d1d5\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-background-overlay\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d65f1dc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"d65f1dc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"#biodiversity\">Biodiversity foundations<\/a><\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-20 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-7b8b874\" data-id=\"7b8b874\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-background-overlay\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-55a923e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"55a923e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"#model\">Modelling systems<\/a><\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-20 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-29ca40d\" data-id=\"29ca40d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-background-overlay\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-005e4e0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"005e4e0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"#detection\">Detection... remediation<\/a><\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-20 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-23d472d\" data-id=\"23d472d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-background-overlay\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-72cd3e3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"72cd3e3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"#global\">Global environment<\/a><\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-20 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-b752543\" data-id=\"b752543\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-background-overlay\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c612675 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"c612675\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"#human\">Human dimensions<\/a><\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-148c522 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"148c522\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-eaea6f2\" data-id=\"eaea6f2\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9f4923a elementor-widget elementor-widget-menu-anchor\" data-id=\"9f4923a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"menu-anchor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-menu-anchor\" id=\"biodiversity\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0ede22e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0ede22e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Biodiversity foundations: baseline data for pre-invasion states and comparisons<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f937daa elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f937daa\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Recognizing the significance of the foundational aspects of biology and the social sciences within the context of invasion biology, and the fact that human activities are not ontologically separate from other natural processes, the C\u00b7I\u00b7B has undertaken much foundational work on biodiversity and social systems. This area continues to be highly productive and to interest students in fundamental aspects of biodiversity science.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-cf05b26\" data-id=\"cf05b26\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1a1abe7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"1a1abe7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"3504\" height=\"2336\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.sun.ac.za\/cib\/files\/2020\/03\/1.-biofoundations.jpg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-713\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.sun.ac.za\/cib\/files\/2020\/03\/1.-biofoundations.jpg 3504w, https:\/\/blogs.sun.ac.za\/cib\/files\/2020\/03\/1.-biofoundations-580x387.jpg 580w, https:\/\/blogs.sun.ac.za\/cib\/files\/2020\/03\/1.-biofoundations-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/blogs.sun.ac.za\/cib\/files\/2020\/03\/1.-biofoundations-940x627.jpg 940w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 3504px) 100vw, 3504px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0350950 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0350950\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Examples of research products in the area of biodiversity foundations<\/strong><\/p><ul><li><a title=\"What lies beneath: South Africa\u2019s megadiversity of soil biota\" href=\"https:\/\/blogs.sun.ac.za\/cib\/what-lies-beneath-south-africas-megadiversity-of-soil-biota\/\">What lies beneath: South Africa\u2019s megadiversity of soil biota<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dd40cfc elementor-align-left elementor-mobile-align-center elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"dd40cfc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-xs\" href=\"#short-term\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"far fa-arrow-alt-circle-left\"><\/i>\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Back to options<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-1973d04 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"1973d04\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-4d4792a\" data-id=\"4d4792a\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a54260d elementor-widget elementor-widget-menu-anchor\" data-id=\"a54260d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"menu-anchor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-menu-anchor\" id=\"model\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f13169 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1f13169\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Model systems for understanding invasions and impacts and developing sustainable management strategies<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e6229f6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e6229f6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Invasions are highly context dependent and this has bedevilled many attempts to arrive at generalizations that explain the success of individual species or populations, predict the performance of new introductions, and craft robust and defendable management approaches. Model systems are valuable for gaining insights into complex phenomena like biological invasions<sup>1<\/sup>. <strong>Six<\/strong> model taxonomic groups have been identified to serve as focal areas for research at the C\u00b7I\u00b7B, and others are likely to be added to the list.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-cd728e1\" data-id=\"cd728e1\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ca3ff8f elementor-widget elementor-widget-accordion\" data-id=\"ca3ff8f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" id=\"cib-research-tab\" data-widget_type=\"accordion.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2121\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2121\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-plus-circle\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"fas fa-minus-circle\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Australian acacias<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2121\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2121\"><p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-715 size-thumbnail\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.sun.ac.za\/cib\/files\/2020\/03\/a.-australian_acacia-150x150.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.sun.ac.za\/cib\/files\/2020\/03\/a.-australian_acacia-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/blogs.sun.ac.za\/cib\/files\/2020\/03\/a.-australian_acacia-50x50.jpg 50w, https:\/\/blogs.sun.ac.za\/cib\/files\/2020\/03\/a.-australian_acacia-80x80.jpg 80w, https:\/\/blogs.sun.ac.za\/cib\/files\/2020\/03\/a.-australian_acacia-45x45.jpg 45w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/p><p>About 70 species of Australian acacias have been introduced to South Africa, while 16 species are already invasive. Australian Acacias are by far the most widespread invasive alien taxon in South Africa, have caused the most substantial impacts of any group, and are expensive to manage. These plants have also led to many conflicts between stakeholders in a diversity of settings, preventing effective management of invasions.<\/p><p><strong>Examples of research products on Australian acacias<\/strong><\/p><ul><li><a title=\"Feathered friends help Rooikrans spread\" href=\"https:\/\/blogs.sun.ac.za\/cib\/feathered-friends-help-rooikrans-spread\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Feathered friends help rooikrans spread<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.sun.ac.za\/cib\/modelling-the-effect-of-biocontrol-agents-on-acacia-cyclops\/\">Modelling the effect of biocontrol agents on <em>Acacia cyclops<\/em><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.sun.ac.za\/cib\/category\/news\/\">Black wattles can take the heat<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2122\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2122\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-plus-circle\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"fas fa-minus-circle\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Invasive birds<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2122\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2122\"><p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-716 size-thumbnail\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.sun.ac.za\/cib\/files\/2020\/03\/b.-invasive_birds-150x150.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.sun.ac.za\/cib\/files\/2020\/03\/b.-invasive_birds-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/blogs.sun.ac.za\/cib\/files\/2020\/03\/b.-invasive_birds-50x50.jpg 50w, https:\/\/blogs.sun.ac.za\/cib\/files\/2020\/03\/b.-invasive_birds-80x80.jpg 80w, https:\/\/blogs.sun.ac.za\/cib\/files\/2020\/03\/b.-invasive_birds-45x45.jpg 45w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/p><p>Despite being home to 48 non-native bird species, very little is known about the mechanisms, impacts and distributions of these taxa in South Africa. C\u00b7I\u00b7B researchers work on several species of birds (e.g. rose-ringed parakeet, common starling and common myna). Using invasive birds as a model system, ongoing and future works includes (i) formulating spread models heterogeneous landscapes with mixed ropagules, (ii) investigating the adaptive dynamics of dispersal in non-equilibrium range dynamics, specifically on the adaptation driven by spatial sorting and source-sink dynamics, (iii) cross-region comparison (e.g., morphological trait adaption in common starlings in SA vs. in Australia), (iv) mapping genetic and phylogeographic structure of non-equilibrium populations, and (v) quantifying the functional role of invasive birds in local food webs and networks.<\/p><p><strong>Examples of research products on invasive birds<\/strong><\/p><ul><li><a href=\"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/mec.12538\/abstract\">Long\u2010distance dispersal maximizes evolutionary potential during rapid geographic range expansion <\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"http:\/\/journals.plos.org\/plosone\/article\/asset?id=10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0038145.PDF\">Spatial sorting drives morphological variation in the invasive bird, <em>Acridotheris tristis<\/em><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org.ez.sun.ac.za\/10.3377\/004.049.0207\">Public surveys of rose-ringed parakeets, <em>Psittacula krameri<\/em>, in the Durban Metropolitan Area, South Africa<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2123\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2123\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-plus-circle\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"fas fa-minus-circle\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Ladybirds<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2123\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2123\"><p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-718 size-thumbnail\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.sun.ac.za\/cib\/files\/2020\/03\/ladybirds_1-150x150.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.sun.ac.za\/cib\/files\/2020\/03\/ladybirds_1-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/blogs.sun.ac.za\/cib\/files\/2020\/03\/ladybirds_1-50x50.jpg 50w, https:\/\/blogs.sun.ac.za\/cib\/files\/2020\/03\/ladybirds_1-80x80.jpg 80w, https:\/\/blogs.sun.ac.za\/cib\/files\/2020\/03\/ladybirds_1-45x45.jpg 45w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/p><p>Insects represent some of the worst invasive species worldwide and provide an excellent system to explore traits associated with invasiveness and how this information can be used to prevent or reduce their impacts on native species and ecosystems. In contrast to plants, most insect introductions are unintentional, thus minimizing bias in pre-introduction trait selection (except for bio-control species) and they have fast generation times thereby providing the possibility to explore adaptation and competition with native species. Ladybirds have the added advantage that evolutionary fitness consequences can be measured directly in experimental trials, they are easily maintained and can be exposed to a variety of biotic and abiotic conditions with relatively little workspace required.<\/p><p><strong>Examples of research products on invasive ladybirds<\/strong><\/p><ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/gp\/about-springer\/media\/research-news\/all-english-research-news\/harlequin-ladybirds-are-conquering-the-world-at-great-speed\/9974304\">Harlequin ladybirds are conquering the world at great speed <\/a><\/li><li><a title=\"First finding of a parasitic fungus on ladybirds in South Africa\" href=\"https:\/\/blogs.sun.ac.za\/cib\/first-finding-parasitic-fungus-on-ladybirds-in-sa\/\">First finding of a parasitic fungus on ladybirds in South Africa<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2124\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2124\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-plus-circle\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"fas fa-minus-circle\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Xenopus laevis<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2124\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2124\"><p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-721 size-thumbnail\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.sun.ac.za\/cib\/files\/2020\/03\/d.-xenopus_laevis-150x150.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.sun.ac.za\/cib\/files\/2020\/03\/d.-xenopus_laevis-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/blogs.sun.ac.za\/cib\/files\/2020\/03\/d.-xenopus_laevis-50x50.png 50w, https:\/\/blogs.sun.ac.za\/cib\/files\/2020\/03\/d.-xenopus_laevis-80x80.png 80w, https:\/\/blogs.sun.ac.za\/cib\/files\/2020\/03\/d.-xenopus_laevis-45x45.png 45w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/p><p><em>Xenopus laevis \u2013 A globally significant invasive amphibian\u00a0<\/em>The African clawed frog, <em>Xenopus laevis<\/em>, is one of the world\u2019s most widely distributed amphibians. Exported from the southwestern Cape for pregnancy testing in the 1930s, it has since become a standard laboratory amphibian, and a model species in its own right. However, this success has been commensurate with introductions into novel environments, both deliberate and accidental, such that the species is now invasive on four continents. C\u00b7I\u00b7B researchers collaborate with colleagues from other countries that have invasive <em>X. laevis<\/em> populations to form a multi-disciplinary team which will tackle autecology, demographics, physiology, performance, genetics and combine these into species distribution models.<\/p><p><strong>Research products on <em>Xenopus laevis<\/em>, the African clawed frog<\/strong><\/p><ul><li><a title=\"French platannas originated from many sites all over South Africa\" href=\"https:\/\/blogs.sun.ac.za\/cib\/french-platannas-originated-many-sites-sa\/\">French platannas originated from many sites all over South Africa<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/peerj.com\/articles\/1659\/\">Unequal contribution of native South African phylogeographic lineages to the invasion of the African clawed frog, <em>Xenopus laevis<\/em>, in Europe<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2125\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2125\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-plus-circle\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"fas fa-minus-circle\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Invasions in urban areas<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2125\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2125\"><p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-2336 size-thumbnail\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.sun.ac.za\/cib\/files\/2020\/06\/TreeOfHeaven_Suzaan.fw_-150x150.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.sun.ac.za\/cib\/files\/2020\/06\/TreeOfHeaven_Suzaan.fw_-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/blogs.sun.ac.za\/cib\/files\/2020\/06\/TreeOfHeaven_Suzaan.fw_-50x50.png 50w, https:\/\/blogs.sun.ac.za\/cib\/files\/2020\/06\/TreeOfHeaven_Suzaan.fw_-80x80.png 80w, https:\/\/blogs.sun.ac.za\/cib\/files\/2020\/06\/TreeOfHeaven_Suzaan.fw_-45x45.png 45w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/p><p>Biological invasions cause many types of problems in urban areas, create special types of conflicts and require very different management interventions to those applied in natural ecosystems. Invasive species are likely to be more prevalent in cities than in nearby natural areas because of greater human activity, modified environmental conditions (e.g. gardens of alien plants provide obvious hotspots for the initiation of invasions.), and high propagule pressure. Furthermore, attempts to manage them are often controversial because of the diversity of stakeholders in an urban context. The C\u00b7I\u00b7B collaborates with the City of Cape Town to translate research findings into management action for city-wide policies and programmes. Key research areas are the impacts of invasions on ecosystem services, prioritization of invasive species management and restoration, novel ecosystems and conflicts of interests.<\/p><p>There is also a requirement under NEMBA for all organs of state (including municipalities) to provide invasive species management plans. There is an urgent need to develop the science base upon which such plans can be developed, and much scope exists for linking such studies with ongoing programmes in other parts of the world. The C\u00b7I\u00b7B will host an international workshop on <a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.sun.ac.za\/cib\/event\/non-native-species-in-urban-environments\/\">urban invasions in November 2016<\/a>.<\/p><p><strong>Examples of research products on invasions in cities<\/strong><\/p><ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0169204616300020\">Managing invasive species in cities: A framework from Cape Town, South Africa<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/bmcgenet.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/1471-2156-12-26\">Genetic monitoring detects an overlooked cryptic species and reveals the diversity and distribution of three invasive <em>Rattus<\/em> congeners in south Africa<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2126\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2126\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-plus-circle\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"fas fa-minus-circle\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Agricultural pest insects<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2126\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2126\"><p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1580 size-thumbnail\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.sun.ac.za\/cib\/files\/2020\/04\/FruitFly-150x150.png\" alt=\"Ceratitis capitata female\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.sun.ac.za\/cib\/files\/2020\/04\/FruitFly-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/blogs.sun.ac.za\/cib\/files\/2020\/04\/FruitFly-50x50.png 50w, https:\/\/blogs.sun.ac.za\/cib\/files\/2020\/04\/FruitFly-80x80.png 80w, https:\/\/blogs.sun.ac.za\/cib\/files\/2020\/04\/FruitFly-45x45.png 45w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/p><p><em>Agricultural pest insects as models for invasion\u00a0<\/em>Agricultural pest insects constitute a major socio-economic challenge to sustainable agriculture and food security in Africa, especially given their interaction with changing climates. Insect pests serve as excellent model systems for understanding terrestrial insect invasions. C\u00b7I\u00b7B researchers are testing various theories of niche shift during invasion, experimental modification of physiological performance or genetic interference techniques (e.g. RNAi), and developing novel control and intervention strategies (e.g. biocontrol) that do not necessarily involve the application of chemical pesticides with potentially harmful residues or environmental contamination.<\/p><p><strong>Examples of agricultural pest work<\/strong><\/p><ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.sun.ac.za\/cib\/understanding-fruit-fly-bactrocera-invadens-invasions-in-south-africa\/\">Understanding fruit fly <em>Bactrocera invadens<\/em> invasions in South Africa<\/a><\/li><li><a title=\"Genetic markers suggest alien fruit fly is using human transport to invade South Africa\" href=\"https:\/\/blogs.sun.ac.za\/cib\/genetic-markers-suggest-alien-fruit-fly-is-using-human-transport-to-invade-south-africa\/\">Genetic markers suggest alien fruit fly is using human transport to invade South Africa<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7e0a15b elementor-align-left elementor-mobile-align-center elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"7e0a15b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-xs\" href=\"#short-term\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"far fa-arrow-alt-circle-left\"><\/i>\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Back to options<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-d5147ff elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d5147ff\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-ec42ad1\" data-id=\"ec42ad1\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ef4483b elementor-widget elementor-widget-menu-anchor\" data-id=\"ef4483b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"menu-anchor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-menu-anchor\" id=\"detection\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a177ac elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"5a177ac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Detection, demonstration, responses and remediation<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3521ab0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3521ab0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Once alien species have established and become invasive, their costs to biodiversity, ecosystem functioning and society are often very high. Consequently, the detection of potentially invasive species, and the development of cost-effective strategies for documenting changes in abundance and distribution are crucial requirements for reducing the rates, extent and impacts of biological invasions. The C\u00b7I\u00b7B collaborates closely with the Invasive Species Programme of SANBI<sup>2<\/sup> to undertake scientific studies of invasive species that still have limited ranges and for which eradication is considered potentially feasible.<\/p><p>Demonstrating that invasive species have substantial biodiversity impacts is becoming increasingly important to justify the expensive management interventions that are required and to counter misleading criticisms from various interest groups. Impacts of invasions are sometimes obvious and dramatic, but often are more subtle but nonetheless influential. Detailed studies on impacts have only been done for a small proportion of invasive species in South Africa<sup>3<\/sup>. Substantial further work remains to be done to understand the full spectrum of types of impacts caused in different taxa in different ecosystems and to develop protocols for using impact assessments to inform prioritization and planning.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-92e015f\" data-id=\"92e015f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60adb58 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"60adb58\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1116\" height=\"744\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.sun.ac.za\/cib\/files\/2020\/03\/3.-detection_1.jpg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-723\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.sun.ac.za\/cib\/files\/2020\/03\/3.-detection_1.jpg 1116w, https:\/\/blogs.sun.ac.za\/cib\/files\/2020\/03\/3.-detection_1-580x387.jpg 580w, https:\/\/blogs.sun.ac.za\/cib\/files\/2020\/03\/3.-detection_1-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/blogs.sun.ac.za\/cib\/files\/2020\/03\/3.-detection_1-940x627.jpg 940w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1116px) 100vw, 1116px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f388ce0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f388ce0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Removal of invasive species and restoration efforts for native vegetation are effective in restoring system structure and functioning, but determining which remediation options are most effective for restoring function is a complex task. There is much potential for using different native taxa as indicators of impact and of recovery following remediation efforts. This research theme is of interest to conservation agencies and NGOs in southern Africa, and priorities are defined in consultation with <a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.sun.ac.za\/cib\/partners\/\">partner organisations<\/a>.<\/p><p><strong>Research outputs on detection, demonstration, responses and remediation:<\/strong><\/p><ul><li><a title=\"Alien urchin no longer a concern for the West Coast\" href=\"https:\/\/blogs.sun.ac.za\/cib\/alien-urchin-no-concern-for-west-coast\/\">Alien urchin no longer a concern for the West Coast<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.sun.ac.za\/cib\/promising-prospects-eradication-melaleuca-quinquenervia\/\">Promising prospects for the eradication of a <em>Melaleuca quinquenervia<\/em> from South Africa\u00a0<\/a><\/li><li><a title=\"South African alien species databases \u2013 are they useful?\" href=\"https:\/\/blogs.sun.ac.za\/cib\/south-african-alien-species-databases\/\">South African alien species databases \u2014 are they useful?<\/a><\/li><li><a title=\"Anglers contribute to invasive bass research\" href=\"https:\/\/blogs.sun.ac.za\/cib\/anglers-contribute-to-invasive-bass-research\/\">Anglers contribute to invasive bass research<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c80b39a elementor-align-left elementor-mobile-align-center elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"c80b39a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-xs\" href=\"#short-term\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"far fa-arrow-alt-circle-left\"><\/i>\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Back to options<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-488792e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"488792e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-0a752ea\" data-id=\"0a752ea\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2609f54 elementor-widget elementor-widget-menu-anchor\" data-id=\"2609f54\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"menu-anchor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-menu-anchor\" id=\"global\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-74c91e6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"74c91e6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Global environmental change and ecosystem services<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6f66142 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6f66142\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Climate change, habitat alteration, overexploitation and pollution all interact with biological invasions to alter the structure and functioning of ecosystems and therefore the services they deliver. Much of the focus of invasion biology has been on impacts on ecosystem function and on ways to reduce them. Increasingly, however, attention is being drawn to interactions among global change drivers and how these may influence the invasion process and its consequences. The primary goal of this work is the delivery of information to improve South Africa\u2019s options for managing the effects of climate change, including adaptation and mitigation.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-935f3d1\" data-id=\"935f3d1\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70e5d31 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"70e5d31\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"3000\" height=\"4000\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.sun.ac.za\/cib\/files\/2020\/03\/4.-global_change.jpg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-726\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.sun.ac.za\/cib\/files\/2020\/03\/4.-global_change.jpg 3000w, https:\/\/blogs.sun.ac.za\/cib\/files\/2020\/03\/4.-global_change-580x773.jpg 580w, https:\/\/blogs.sun.ac.za\/cib\/files\/2020\/03\/4.-global_change-768x1024.jpg 768w, https:\/\/blogs.sun.ac.za\/cib\/files\/2020\/03\/4.-global_change-940x1253.jpg 940w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 3000px) 100vw, 3000px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-54ae6d4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"54ae6d4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Ecosystem services and global change outputs:<\/strong><\/p><ul><li><a title=\"Climate change detected in our National Parks\" href=\"https:\/\/blogs.sun.ac.za\/cib\/climate-change-detected-in-our-national-parks\/\">Climate change detected in our National Parks<\/a><\/li><li><a title=\"A biocontrol agent persists under climate change\" href=\"https:\/\/blogs.sun.ac.za\/cib\/a-biocontrol-agent-persists-under-climate-change\/\">A biocontrol agent persists under climate change<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.sun.ac.za\/cib\/category\/news\/2013-news\/\">Examining the link between climate change and species invasions<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1885da3 elementor-align-left elementor-mobile-align-center elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"1885da3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-xs\" href=\"#short-term\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"far fa-arrow-alt-circle-left\"><\/i>\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Back to options<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-72d7593 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"72d7593\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-32ada31\" data-id=\"32ada31\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d0c9b1d elementor-widget elementor-widget-menu-anchor\" data-id=\"d0c9b1d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"menu-anchor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-menu-anchor\" id=\"human\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ab444bd elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ab444bd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">The human dimensions of biological invasions<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f13ab6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2f13ab6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The ornamental horticulture and pet trades provide particularly important challenges for management of invasions, and the C\u00b7I\u00b7B conducts much research in these areas. There is an urgent need to explore the implications and consequences of invasive species management programmes that have dual goals (e.g. invasive species control combined with job creation, upliftment, making furniture, turning biomass into energy, turning stands of invasive trees into production forests or wood lots). The potential for defining and achieving trade-offs in such cases needs to be explored. Unintended consequences of such practices (such as the creation of dependencies) are potentially huge problems for the sustainability of such programmes.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-55a62fa\" data-id=\"55a62fa\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-55c95e5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"55c95e5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1245\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.sun.ac.za\/cib\/files\/2021\/07\/5.-human_dimen_landscape.jpg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-4077\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.sun.ac.za\/cib\/files\/2021\/07\/5.-human_dimen_landscape.jpg 2000w, https:\/\/blogs.sun.ac.za\/cib\/files\/2021\/07\/5.-human_dimen_landscape-580x361.jpg 580w, https:\/\/blogs.sun.ac.za\/cib\/files\/2021\/07\/5.-human_dimen_landscape-940x585.jpg 940w, https:\/\/blogs.sun.ac.za\/cib\/files\/2021\/07\/5.-human_dimen_landscape-768x478.jpg 768w, https:\/\/blogs.sun.ac.za\/cib\/files\/2021\/07\/5.-human_dimen_landscape-1536x956.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e55a95e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e55a95e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Examples of research products in the area of human dimensions of biological invasions:<\/strong><\/p><ul><li><a title=\"\u201cNovel ecosystems\u201d\" href=\"https:\/\/blogs.sun.ac.za\/cib\/novel-ecosystems\/\">\u201cNovel ecosystems\u201d \u2013 Useful concept for guiding conservation management in the Anthropocene?<\/a><\/li><li><a title=\"Improving pastures for the livestock industry poses major weed threat\" href=\"https:\/\/blogs.sun.ac.za\/cib\/improving-pastures-for-the-livestock-industry-poses-major-weed-threat\/\">Improving pastures for the livestock industry poses major weed threat<\/a><\/li><li><a title=\"Human population density explains alien species richness in protected areas\" href=\"https:\/\/blogs.sun.ac.za\/cib\/human-population-density-explains-alien-species-richness-in-protected-areas\/\">Human population density explains alien species richness in protected areas<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.sun.ac.za\/cib\/category\/news\/2013-news\/\">Ecological Footprint and biocapacity: the misconception of unsustainable development<\/a><\/li><li><a title=\"Is forestry with pines sustainable in fynbos areas?\" href=\"https:\/\/blogs.sun.ac.za\/cib\/is-forestry-with-pines-sustainable-in-fynbos-areas\/\">Is forestry with pines sustainable in fynbos areas?<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.sun.ac.za\/cib\/category\/news\/\">Oyster trade contributes to the introduction of alien species in South Africa<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ed1df8c elementor-align-left elementor-mobile-align-center elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"ed1df8c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-xs\" href=\"#short-term\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"far fa-arrow-alt-circle-left\"><\/i>\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Back to options<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d0e9445 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d0e9445\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dc90438\" data-id=\"dc90438\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-95c4f27 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"95c4f27\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ol><li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt\">Kueffer, C., Py\u0161ek, P. &amp; Richardson, D.M. (2013). Integrative invasion science: model systems, multi-site studies, focused meta-analysis, and invasion syndromes. New Phytologist 200: 615-633. DOI: <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/nph.12415\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.1111\/nph.12415<\/a><\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt\">Wilson, J.R.U., Ivey, P., Manyama, P. et al. (2013). A new national unit for invasive species detection, assessment and eradication planning. South African Journal of Science 109(5\/6), Art. #0111, 13 pages. DOI: <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/sajs.2013\/20120111\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.1590\/sajs.2013\/20120111<\/a><\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt\">Richardson, D.M. &amp; van Wilgen, B.W. (2004). Invasive alien plants in South Africa: how well do we understand the ecological impacts? South African Journal of Science 100: 45-52. View <a href=\"http:\/\/reference.sabinet.co.za\/webx\/access\/electronic_journals\/sajsci\/sajsci_v100_n1_a13.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">pdf version<\/a> of article.<\/span><\/li><\/ol>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Rationale Fig 1. Graphical synopsis of the C\u00b7I\u00b7B approach, relating research foci to the stages of the invasion process1 The C\u00b7I\u00b7B\u2019s research targets all aspects of the phenomenon of biological invasions, all taxonomic groups and all ecosystems. Better understanding of invasion patterns and processes is required, and options for management and remediation need to be [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":237,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"ocean_post_layout":"","ocean_both_sidebars_style":"","ocean_both_sidebars_content_width":0,"ocean_both_sidebars_sidebars_width":0,"ocean_sidebar":"0","ocean_second_sidebar":"0","ocean_disable_margins":"enable","ocean_add_body_class":"","ocean_shortcode_before_top_bar":"","ocean_shortcode_after_top_bar":"","ocean_shortcode_before_header":"","ocean_shortcode_after_header":"","ocean_has_shortcode":"","ocean_shortcode_after_title":"","ocean_shortcode_before_footer_widgets":"","ocean_shortcode_after_footer_widgets":"","ocean_shortcode_before_footer_bottom":"","ocean_shortcode_after_footer_bottom":"","ocean_display_top_bar":"default","ocean_display_header":"default","ocean_header_style":"","ocean_center_header_left_menu":"0","ocean_custom_header_template":"0","ocean_custom_logo":0,"ocean_custom_retina_logo":0,"ocean_custom_logo_max_width":0,"ocean_custom_logo_tablet_max_width":0,"ocean_custom_logo_mobile_max_width":0,"ocean_custom_logo_max_height":0,"ocean_custom_logo_tablet_max_height":0,"ocean_custom_logo_mobile_max_height":0,"ocean_header_custom_menu":"0","ocean_menu_typo_font_family":"0","ocean_menu_typo_font_subset":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_size":0,"ocean_menu_typo_font_size_tablet":0,"ocean_menu_typo_font_size_mobile":0,"ocean_menu_typo_font_size_unit":"px","ocean_menu_typo_font_weight":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_weight_tablet":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_weight_mobile":"","ocean_menu_typo_transform":"","ocean_menu_typo_transform_tablet":"","ocean_menu_typo_transform_mobile":"","ocean_menu_typo_line_height":0,"ocean_menu_typo_line_height_tablet":0,"ocean_menu_typo_line_height_mobile":0,"ocean_menu_typo_line_height_unit":"","ocean_menu_typo_spacing":0,"ocean_menu_typo_spacing_tablet":0,"ocean_menu_typo_spacing_mobile":0,"ocean_menu_typo_spacing_unit":"","ocean_menu_link_color":"","ocean_menu_link_color_hover":"","ocean_menu_link_color_active":"","ocean_menu_link_background":"","ocean_menu_link_hover_background":"","ocean_menu_link_active_background":"","ocean_menu_social_links_bg":"","ocean_menu_social_hover_links_bg":"","ocean_menu_social_links_color":"","ocean_menu_social_hover_links_color":"","ocean_disable_title":"default","ocean_disable_heading":"default","ocean_post_title":"","ocean_post_subheading":"","ocean_post_title_style":"","ocean_post_title_background_color":"","ocean_post_title_background":0,"ocean_post_title_bg_image_position":"","ocean_post_title_bg_image_attachment":"","ocean_post_title_bg_image_repeat":"","ocean_post_title_bg_image_size":"","ocean_post_title_height":0,"ocean_post_title_bg_overlay":0.5,"ocean_post_title_bg_overlay_color":"","ocean_disable_breadcrumbs":"default","ocean_breadcrumbs_color":"","ocean_breadcrumbs_separator_color":"","ocean_breadcrumbs_links_color":"","ocean_breadcrumbs_links_hover_color":"","ocean_display_footer_widgets":"default","ocean_display_footer_bottom":"default","ocean_custom_footer_template":"0","footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-3973","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry","entry"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.sun.ac.za\/cib\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/3973","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.sun.ac.za\/cib\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.sun.ac.za\/cib\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.sun.ac.za\/cib\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/237"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.sun.ac.za\/cib\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3973"}],"version-history":[{"count":268,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.sun.ac.za\/cib\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/3973\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4290,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.sun.ac.za\/cib\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/3973\/revisions\/4290"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.sun.ac.za\/cib\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3973"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}