{"id":136,"date":"2019-07-26T06:33:23","date_gmt":"2019-07-26T06:33:23","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/blogsdev.sun.ac.za\/eucxylo\/?page_id=136"},"modified":"2019-07-26T06:33:23","modified_gmt":"2019-07-26T06:33:23","slug":"research","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/blogs.sun.ac.za\/eucxylo\/research\/","title":{"rendered":"[:en]Research Opportunities[:]"},"content":{"rendered":"

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A number of postdoctoral fellowships and several post-graduate research projects, at M.Sc. and Ph.D. level<\/a>, will be funded by the Hans Merensky Foundation<\/a> as part of this Chair.<\/p>\n

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Please see the sections below, describing different areas of research that we are pursuing, and see here<\/a> for details on how to apply to join us.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Research activities in EucXylo<\/span> revolve around four main themes: (1) Understanding the physiology of the plant and, in that context, the developing xylem, (2) formulating the best models to capture our understanding of the tree growth, ecophysiology and xylogenesis, (3) integrating models in a simulation system which provides flexibility and harnesses the available computational power and (4) characterization of fully differentiated wood, as our main basis for comparison.\u00a0 The research will involve an ongoing cycle of experimentation and model formulation.<\/p>\n

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A range of research projects will be undertaken with a focus on measuring and quantifying the dynamics of plant- and tissue-level ecophysiology, stem growth and xylogenesis.\u00a0 Understanding plant responses to fluxes in environmental conditions will be a priority of the research.\u00a0 In particular, measurements will be made of temporal and spatial variation in physiological processes, differentiation and developmental dynamics and proteomic\/metabolomic adjustments influencing or occurring in the developing xylem.\u00a0 Research projects might, for example, be focussed on how rates and duration of fibre expansion vary following release from a drought.\u00a0 Or, how might wall thickening dynamics be adjusted purely due to variation in day length or circadian effects?<\/p>\n

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By linking detailed measurements of growth to high-resolution images of wood, it is possible to assess the timing of formation of parts of the wood of interest, and link changing properties to growth responses or particular conditions.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Wood properties in eucalypts change very quickly in response to changes in environmental conditions.\u00a0 We will be making extensive use of high precision monitoring equipment in concert with detailed wood and cambial sampling techniques to get the bottom of what drives these fascinating responses.\u00a0 All of the xylogenesis responses which can be observed and quantified need to be seen and understood in the context of the whole plant.\u00a0 For this reason, a range of research projects will be developed to better understand (and ultimately model) a wide range of ecophysiological processes and phenomena.<\/p>\n

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High precision dendrometers are valuable equipment that will be used in Eucxylo research.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Ecophysiology and xylem development<\/h1>\n

One area of particular interest is carbohydrate allocation, and understanding how source-sink or the maintenance of carbohydrate balances by other mechanisms, will influence flows of sugar to the developing xylem. Another area of focus is the effect of environmental stressors such as drought on xylem development.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

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Linking sap flow and stem size dynamics in eucalyptus provides great insight into water movement and storage, and is an important part of understanding xylem development (see Zweifel et al. 2008).<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

A small, pilot project last year (just before EucXylo<\/span> officially kicked off!) by Honours student, Mr. Francis Bouwer, explored the growth responsiveness of E. cladocalyx<\/em> seedlings to re-watering following cycles of drought.<\/p>\n

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Collar diameter over time in periodically droughted and irrigated seedlings of E. cladocalyx<\/em>.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

While the periodically droughted trees showed reduced growth overall compared to continuously irrigated trees, the trees responded strongly to watering.\u00a0But what was the xylem doing?\u00a0 The underlying xylem formation processes will now be followed up as part of one of our student projects in EucXylo<\/span>.\u00a0 Hundreds of samples of developing xylem and the cambial zone were taken from the seedlings to elucidate the xylem developmental dynamics.<\/p>\n

Cambial cell fate<\/h1>\n

A fascinating problem that we hope will be explored in a PhD project in Eucxylo<\/span> will be to understand how and why cambial cells, after they have become xylem mother cells, become further determined as vessels or fibres (or other longitudinal cell types).<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Some fascinating research in poplar has recently used sector analysis to better understand the replenishment\/maintenance of cambial cells as initials\/mother cells (Bossinger and Spokevicius, 2018<\/a>).\u00a0 Other researchers are also exploring a variety of molecular approaches to understanding what “gene switches” operate to determine cell fate.\u00a0 But beyond that: what mechanisms and processes come into play?<\/p>\n

It is particularly interesting to understand what it is that determines that a cell will become a large, conductive vessel.\u00a0 We need to ask what switch it is that leads to this determined path, and we can learn from the amazing insights of modern molecular biology.\u00a0 But once a cell is on the “vessel” path, what physiological and developmental mechanisms make it possible to grow to such a large size relative to its neighbours?\u00a0 What happens to its neighbours?\u00a0 And important, can we capture these decisions and processes in coherent, integrated mathematical models?<\/p>\n

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Tubulin is visible as green fluoresced light in a developing vessel in a Eucalyptus globulus tree.\u00a0 how does such a cell come to be?<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Visualising developing xylem<\/h1>\n

An exciting frontier which students and researchers in the Chair will be facing is that of non-destructively visualising the developing xylem in living, growing plants. What approaches can we use to see the cambium, and expanding and differentiating xylem in vivo, but without destroying the plant? We will be looking at using cutting-edge applications of techniques like MRI-PET and micro- and nano-CT.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

One of the most critical “bottlenecks” in undertaking research on xylogenesis is being able to take enough samples of the cambial and developing xylem zones, with little\/no damage, with high frequency.\u00a0 Using traditional methods of embedding and careful sectioning is slow, intensive, and expensive.\u00a0 It also involves making a wound in the tree, or in small trees, probably killing the specimen.\u00a0 The images\/analyses are very static, providing a “snap shot” of the developing xylem as it was at the point of sampling\u00a0 One of our goals in EucXylo<\/span> is to try to push the boundaries of how else we might be able to quickly see, and assess, and characterise the properties of living xylem quickly, inexpensibly and repeatably, with as little damage to the tree as possible.\u00a0 Ideally, we’d like to be able to live cell imaging of the developing xylem<\/p>\n

We’re in the lucky position to have quick and easy access to a Nano- and Micro-CT scanner in our building!\u00a0 We will be working with the CT-scanner team to see if we can use our CT scanner (we wish we had a synchrotron!) to build on work like that recently published by Earles et al. (2018)<\/a> to see what kind of detail, at or below cell level, we might be able to see in the cambial zone of fully intact plant stems.<\/p>\n

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Micro-CT imagery of a 2 year-old Eucalyptus grandis showing embolised xylem (following 24 hours of drying), and a high-density band of tissue between xylem and phloem regions.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Integrating ecophysiology and xylogenesis models<\/h1>\n

The approaches to undertaking the computational and mathematical analysis are also an important part of our research. How best can we attack some of the very interesting challenges inherent in modelling the differentiation occurring in a complex, three-dimensional tissue such as developing xylem?<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Insights from our research will be the basis by which we continually build and improve predictive models at multiple scales. Where our models are weak, or we do not understand how to express or characterise a process in the models, we will go back to the lab to measure what needs to be measured to answer our question.<\/span><\/p>\n

The models will be incorporated into a software-based simulation framework, which is envisaged to become a platform for scientific collaboration and the generation of new hypotheses and ideas within South Africa and around the world. We plan to implement these models in open-access languages\/environments like R<\/a> and Python<\/a>, and harness the power of innovations like GEMS<\/a> developed through our and the AgroInformatics partnership<\/a> to bring everything together. We’ll be working closely with the new School of Data Science and Computational Thinking<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Wood properties characterisation<\/h1>\n

An important part of our research will involve characterising fully differentiated wood accurately, in order to make comparisons with the predictions of our models.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

This will include a range of cell-scale or tissue-scale properties, including fibre cross-sectional and 3D dimensions (e.g. diameter, or wall thickness or length), vessel distributions, ray locations, etc.\u00a0 But we’re also interested in being able to characterise physical and chemical characteristics of the cell walls.<\/p>\n

Once again, we’ll be taking advantage of the opportunities provided by our local CT-scanning team.\u00a0 We’ll also be working closely with colleagues like Dr Geoff Downes to use NIR as a non-destructive and lower cost means of getting information on pith-to-bark variability in various chemical properties.<\/p>\n

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Seeing wood in 3D, created from our Stellenbosch CT scanner<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n