Human valuation

Hakea sericea is an example of an invasive plant providing both services and disservices. This shrub or small tree in the protea family is native to Australia and was introduced in Portugal for afforestation goals. It is currently used by local people in Portugal to provide fences (an ecosystem service), but it also causes physical injury to people (an ecosystem disservice) and reduces recreation opportunities (reduced ecosystem service). Photo credit: Joana Raquel Vicente.