Read more about the article Scavenger crows spread seeds of invasive prickly pear cacti
Figure 1. Field evidence: Empty fruit of O. ficus-indica consumed by Pied crows (A), regurgitated pellets of mixed seeds marked by mixed colours (B&C), and empty O. robusta fruits and faecal sample by smaller birds (F, D & E). (Photo credit: Thabiso Mokotjomela)

Scavenger crows spread seeds of invasive prickly pear cacti

The consumption of alien fruits by birds and dispersal of ingested seeds increase the invasion risk of two cacti species in arid areas of South Africa.

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Read more about the article Mutualisms — fundamental mediators of biological invasions
Potential effects of biological invasions on different types of mutualisms compared with effects caused by other drivers of global change. Symbols: ∆ changes in; ↑ increases in; ↓ decreases in.

Mutualisms — fundamental mediators of biological invasions

Mutualisms are relationships between organisms of different species in which each individual benefits from the activity of the other. These relationships are hugely important in nature. Essential services provided by mutualists include pollination, seed dispersal and the constitution of global cycles of carbon and other nutrients.

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